Panic Attack: Symptoms, Causes, Frequency, and Treatment
A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by physical and cognitive symptoms, such as:
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Heart palpitations, sweating, trembling
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Shortness of breath, choking sensation
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Chest pain or tightness
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Nausea, abdominal pain
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Dizziness, loss of balance
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Fear of having a heart attack or losing control
Attack Characteristics
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Starts suddenly, reaching its peak within 10 minutes
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Typically lasts 15-20 minutes
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Can occur in various psychiatric disorders, especially phobias
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Triggered by encountering or expecting stressors
Causes of Panic Attacks
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Brain chemical imbalances or functional disruptions
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Genetic predisposition—higher risk in those with a family history
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Stressful life events, such as loss of a loved one, witnessing a heart attack, or car accidents
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Substance use, excessive guilt, perfectionism
Panic Disorder vs. Panic Attacks
Panic disorder involves unexpected and recurrent panic attacks.
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Patients worry about experiencing another attack (anticipatory anxiety).
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They may believe they are having a heart attack or a brain disease and seek urgent medical evaluation.
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Repeated medical tests (MRI, CT scans, angiography) often show no physical problem, leading to psychiatric referral.
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Avoidance behaviors (fear of being alone, avoiding crowds) severely impact social and professional life.
Panic Attack Prevalence
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1-3% of the global population experiences panic disorder.
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Women are 2-3 times more affected than men.
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Can develop at any age, typically in early adulthood (20s).
Treatment for Panic Disorder
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Treatable with psychiatric support.
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Medications (antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs) help regulate symptoms.
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Cognitive therapy teaches patients to manage automatic thoughts and fears.
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Early diagnosis prevents progression to depression, substance abuse.
What to Do During an Attack?
✔ Sit or lie down, remind yourself that it will pass. ✔ Avoid stressful discussions and triggers. ✔ Stay away from caffeine, smoking, and alcohol. ✔ Focus on controlled breathing—avoid deep breaths, as they may worsen symptoms. ✔ Breathing into a paper bag can help regulate breathing.
